Types of Mesothelioma "the medical update"

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Types of Mesothelioma "the medical update"

    * Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of malignant mesothelioma, comprising approximately 75 percent of all mesothelioma cases. This type develops in the lining of the lungs, called the pleura.
The pleura are the tissue that covers and lines the lungs. These are referred to by the medical community as pleural membranes. The pleura are fibrous membranes and the space between them is the pleural space. The pleural protect the lungs by producing a lubricant that fills the pleural space. This lubricant also allows the lungs to move easily within the chest cavity as we inhale and exhale.

Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of the disease. Since the lungs are so close to the heart, it is almost always affected. The pericardium is the lining found on the outside of the heart and allows it to move freely within the heart cavity.
    * Peritoneal mesothelioma develops in the abdomen’s peritoneum, a layer that covers the abdominal cavity and surrounds abdominal organs.
    * Pericardial mesothelioma develops in the pericardium, a membrane that surrounds the heart and provides protection and support to this organ.
    * Testicular mesothelioma, the rarest form of mesothelioma, develops in the lining surrounding the testicle, called the tunica vaginalis.

Mesothelioma "the medical update"

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Mesothelioma "the medical update"

Mesothelioma is a rare, aggressive cancer that develops in the mesothelial cells that line many organs and body cavities. The cancer typically attacks the thin lining of the lungs, abdomen or heart, known as the mesothelium?. Each year an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of malignant mesothelioma are diagnosed in the United States.

Asbestos Cancer "the medical up date"

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 Over the course of the past century, millions of people have unknowingly been exposed to asbestos, a class of fibrous minerals known to cause a variety of cancers.

Often referred to as "asbestos cancer," mesothelioma is the most common form of cancer caused by asbestos exposure.

Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update" Surgery

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Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update"
Surgery

KPKBSK only done for staging I or II or for palliative treatment of life-threatening conditions such massive coughing up blood, severe life-threatening breathing, or severe pain. Surgery is done is by removing 1 lung lobe (sometimes more) the discovery of the tumor and also remove all mediastinal lymph nodes. Diagnosis before surgery may be changed after surgery. It happened because of limited diagnostic tools or illness has evolved over the decision of surgery performed. The result may be after the surgery the patient should receive radiation or chemotherapy immediately after the operation the wound healed.

In the special case for example with the spread of head and found only 1 tumor in the brain and disrupt the life qualities of patients can be tumor removal surgery in the head with. In Indonesia (Jakarta) have been able to perform surgery  therapy in the head with a cyber knife.


Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy or irradiation given to the staging KPKBSK III and IV, can be given only to overcome the problems in the lung (local therapy) or combined with chemotherapy. Patients who received radiotherapy was decided to be referred to a specialist lung specialist radiotherapy and will return to the original doctor if treatment does not respond or have been completed or radioterapi appeared radiotherapy side effects that result.

Radiotherapy can be given if the homeostatic system (HB, the number of white blood cells or leukocytes and blood platelets) good. Radiotherapy is usually given 5 days a week with the average dose of 200 cGy per day until the dose from 5000 to 6000 cGy. Given ray depends on the existing equipment at the hospital, such as cobalt or LINAC side-effects evaluation performed after every delivery 5x (1000 cGy) when there is interference of radiation will be suspended, eg HB <10 g%. Leukocytes <3000/dl or platelets <100.000/dl. The doctor will make corrections and if it meets the requirements of radiation can be done again.

To see the response the doctor will perform radiation ray image after radiation given every 10x (2000 cGy). If the positive response penelian (tumors shrink or settle) the radiation can be forwarded, but if a negative response (tumor enlarged or new growth) radiation should be stopped.

Radiotherapy can also be given to the primary tumor location rather than, for example, radiation head if the tumor has spread to the head, bone radiation if the tumor has spread to the bone. KPKSK case of radiation to the head should be given after the chemotherapy is given over 6 cycles.

Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update" Targeted therapy

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Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update"
Targeted therapy

In many patients the condition can not qualify for surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy will be offered a new class of drug delivery with a mechanism that has stood the test known as targeted therapy. These drugs are given 1x per day by way drunk. Until recently recommended the use of targeted therapy for lung cancer is better after chemotherapy is given except in cases of major treatment choices cases can not be done.


Other therapies

With a variety of reasons many lung cancer patients choose alternative medicine that has not been tested and not the standard for treatment of lung cancer. If it was decided that the patient and family choice advice is to stay patient to a specialist control lung in order to monitor drug side effects of medications used, and can decide when alternative medicine was the medicine is not useful and should be stopped.

Note: often the cost of alternative medicine is more expensive than the main treatment options such as radiation or chemotherapy.

Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update" Chemotherapy

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Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update"
Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy was given anti-cancer drugs in patients with infused way. In the chemotherapy is given more than 1 type of anticancer drugs and are usually 2 kinds, the goal that more cancer cells that can be killed by a different path. Giving chemotherapy should be done in the hospital because it was given in a particular procedure or protokol different depending on the type of anti-cancer drugs are used.

Chemotherapy can be given to all types of lung cancer and the aim is not only kills cancer cells in primary tumors but also the pursuit of cancer cells that spread elsewhere. Chemotherapy is a treatment option for KPKSK and KPKBSK stage III / IV.

Giving chemotherapy requires some reservations among other good general condition of the patient is still able to do activities of their own, liver function, kidney function and function hemostatik (HB, the number of white blood cells or platelet lekosit and blood) should be good. Chemotherapy cycles calculated with the provision that can be done every 21 to 28 days each cycle.

Side effects of chemotherapy sometimes very disturbing, such as impeachment of the hair s / d bald, nausea, vomiting, tingling, diarrhea and even allergies. Side effects were not equal time there and severity of each person and also depends on the type of drug used. Other side effects that can disturb the process is malfunctioning hemostatik HB <10 g%. Leukocytes <3.000/dl or platelets <100.000/dl. Side effects assessed since the start of chemotherapy I was given. Serious side effects may stop the delivery schedule, the doctor will correct the side effects that come with giving medication and blood transfusion if necessary.

The evaluation assessed the results of chemotherapy at least 2 cycles after delivery (before the third chemotherapy is given) which can be subjective response which is what BB increased or decreased complaints and thorax images to see abnormalities in the lungs. Evaluation by using thoracic CT-scan performed after the 3rd cycle (prior to chemotherapy IV). If the tumor  missing (complete response) smaller part (partial response) or tumor settled well but the subjective response to chemotherapy  served until 4 to 6 cycles. But if the evaluation occurs as the tumor enlarged deterioration or new tumor growth, chemotherapy should be discontinued and replaced with a type of anti-cancer drugs other.

Staging (degrees or degree) Lung Cancer "the medical up date"

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 Staging (degrees or degree) Lung Cancer

Staging of lung cancer is divided based on histological types of lung cancer, whether KPKSK or KPKBSK. Staging is important to determine which treatment option should be given to the patient. Staging based on size and location of primary tumor, involvement of organs in the breast / chest wall (T), lymph node spread (N), or distant spread (M)


Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Carcinoma (KPKSK)

Staging of lung cancer is divided based on histological types of lung cancer, whether KPKSK or KPKBSK. Staging is important to determine which treatment option should be given to the patient. Staging based on size and location of primary tumor, involvement of organs in the breast / chest wall (T), lymph node spread (N), or distant spread (M)


Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Carcinoma (KPKSK)

     *
       Staging / Tier Limited
     *
       Tumor was found in one lung and penjelaran to the lymph nodes in the same lung
     *
       Staging / Tier Area
     *
       Tumor has spread out from one lung or other organs outside the lungs.


Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Carcinoma Not (KPKBSK)


     *
       Staging / Level A / B
       One tumor size less than or greater than 3 cm in one lobe of lung

     *
       Staging / Level II A / B
       A tumor in the lung lobe is attached to the chest wall or spread to lymph nodes in the same lung

     *
       Staging / Level III A
       Tumors that spread to the lymph nodes in the area trakeal entered the chest wall and diaphragma

     *
       Staging / Level III B
       Tumors that spread to the lymph nodes in the opposite lung, or in the neck.

     *
       Staging / Level IV
       Tumors that spread another gets lung or other organs outside the lungs.

Types of lung cancer cells "the medical-up date"

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Types of lung cancer cells "the medical-up date"

Some of the tests of lung specialists to get lung cancer cell types include:

     *
       Sputum cytology: to find cancer cells in sputum or sputum patients, positive results if the cancer is usually found in the respiratory tract. This examination positif<10% and highly dependent on the technique  sputum of patients to be reviewed. Sputum should be examined fresh sputum morning and immediately taken to the anatomic pathology laboratory for processing.

     *
       Fine needle biopsy: is taking tissue specimens from the superficial tumors using fine needle. For example for a tumor found in the neck, armpit or chest wall that can be palpated. This technique is simple and couples rarely cause severe complications. At the moment did sometimes required anesthesia (anesthesia) local residents. Raw results of this examination will be placed in a glass object must soaked in 98% alcohol and sent to the anatomical pathology to the process. The doctor can usually perform pulmonary rapidly and high positif results. But keep in mind though sometimes the result of positive but not the distribution of lung cancer, such as tuberculosis (TB), cancer of the lymph nodes, etc..

     *
       Ie taking Punksi pleural fluid from pleural cavity (lining the lungs) if found in the fluid of lung cancer. Punksi uses intravenous needles size 14, if the volume of lung fluid little doctor will track the exact location with the help of thoracic ultrasound. punksini results will be analyzed and sent to the anatomic pathology laboratory for processing. Positive results are not always gate  with this technique but must be done. If the volume of fluid enough lung specialist will simultaneously issue up to 1500 cc depending on patient tolerance. If the patient feels uncomfortable, crowded or cough cough the fluid flow must be stopped. In case the amount of fluid that kept many, the pulmonary specialist will flow by placing a chest tube (WSD) in an effort to reduce complaints and the lung can expand the maximum. Punksi pleura and chest tube fitting mostly pulmonary specialist with a local anesthetic. But in severe conditions should be done in the operating room with general anesthesia.

     *
       Pleural biopsy is taking a bit of pleural tissue obtained if the pleural space due to fluid retention. This method is usually done in conjunction with pleural  also not too big.

     *
       TTNA (Transthoracal needle aspiration): ie taking tissue specimens using a fine needle through the chest wall. Can be done based on the photo or with the demands of the thoracic CT-scan of lung specialists dll.  doctor  used to do this with a local anesthetic with a large positiv level.

     *
       Another way is to take the material or in spesiem airway with the help of bronchoscopy procedures. Bronchoscopy is the examination technique using a bronchoscope to see abnormalities in respiratory disorders and, if found will be flushing action, sweep and biopsy and even TBLB (trans-bronchial lung biopsy). If found kelaianan respiratory point that it is a tumor in the lung is lung cancer. Bronchoscopy requires careful preparation, Whether good cardiac function, either  bleeding or other complications due to this technique may cause serious complications k although very small numbers.

types of lung cancer checks on "the medical-up date"

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types of lung cancer checks on "the medical-up date"

Physical examination

Doctors sometimes do not get a physical examination abnormalities in lung cancer staging early disease. This is because the tumor is still small volume and has not spread so as not to cause interference in other places. In the case of the staging information will be found abnormalities depends on the noise generated by the primary tumor or its spread. Acquired abnormalities and large depends on the location of tumors that cause interference. Lung cancer can also cause the pile in the pleural cavity fluid or pressure veins (venous), etc.. Abnormalities that can be found regarding the spread of cancer, for example lump in the neck, armpit. Not infrequently the patient also comes with paralysis due to the spread in the brain or spinal cord (vetebra).


Examination (diagnostic procedures)

The discovery of cell types (histological) cancer is the main requirement to say a person has cancer and can then be determined staging (stage) disease as quickly as possible to determine the best treatment. It is important to remember that not all types of checks should be performed on patients but on the basis of common conditions and diseases at the time to come to the doctor. The doctor will always ask for the approval of patients and their families for any tests done. On the bad general condition sometimes doctors will decide to give treatment before the diagnosis must occur, for example, a patient comes with a great breath and face / neck and arms were swollen from the tumor's blood pressure pembulu behind (superior vena cava syndrome) or great pain, especially if the cancer have damaged the bone.

risk factors of lung cancer "the medical update"

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 risk factors of lung cancer "the medical update"

Lung cancer in the broadest sense is all malignancies in the lung disease, including malignancy originating from the lung itself (primary) or spread (metastatic) tumors of other organs. Specific definitions for primary lung cancer, malignant tumor that is derived from the epithelium (cellular network) or the bronchial airways.

Lung cancer most commonly found in older men and smokers. More than 80% of lung cancer associated with smoking. However, not all smokers eventually lung cancer. Quit smoking will reduce the very significant risk of lung cancer a person. Risk in former smokers is greater than the people who never smoked. Another factor that could be a risk factor mainly associated with the inhaled air.

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

     *
       Male
     *
       Age more than 40 years
     *
       Tobacco users (white smokers, Cigarettes or cigars)
     *
       Life or closely with environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking)
     *
       Radon and asbestos
     *
       Certain industrial
     *
       Chemicals, such as arsenic
     *
       Some organic chemicals
     *
       Radiation from work, medicine, environmental
     *
       Air pollution

Someone who belonged to high risk (GRT) if you have a complaint breathing (respiratory disorder) such as cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, should be  himself and referred to a specialist lung

Why lung cancer difficult to treat "the medical-up date"

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Why lung cancer difficult to treat "the medical-up date"
To answer these questions need to be understood first of pulmonary organ function.

Description Image

     a. airway
     b. heart
     c. airbag

Lung is the organ that plays a role in the respiratory system (respiration) is the process of oxygen (O2) from the free air when you inhale, over the airways (bronchi) and reached the walls of the alveoli (air bags) O2 will transfer into a vein in which other beside flowing red blood cells to be taken to the cells in a variety of cells other organs as energy metabolism in the process. In the next stage after the metabolism of the remnants of the metabolism, especially carbon dioxide (CO2) will bring the blood to be discarded back into the atmosphere through the lungs when you breathe out. Because the function can be understood that the most open lung with the inhaled air pollutants including cigarette smoke which is inhaled with the full intent is. Various disorders can disrupt the respiratory system, among others, levels of air pollution, so little O2, airway disorders in / lung, heart or blood disorders.

In particular, the lungs are said to take the place of the body clean of blood (O2 rich) and the wash the blood from the body (many contain CO2) prior to the heart to re-circulated to the entire body

In general, disruption of the airway can be is an airway obstruction (obstruction) or a lung disorder that causes can not be perfect flower (restrictive). A large tumor in the lungs can cause some lung and / airway collapse, whereas tumors located in the airways may cause obstruction of the airway. That suppress tumor of the chest wall can cause damage / destruction of bone and cause chest wall pain. Fluid in the pleural cavity often ditmukan on lung cancer lung function was also disturbing.

Complaints that often arise in the lung disease called respiratory complaints can occur only one and sometimes more than one, among others

     *
       Shortness of breath with or squeaky sound (wheezing)
     *
       Sense of weight in the chest when breathing
     *
       Coughing
     *
       Coughing blood
     *
       Chest pain

Lung cancer, "the medical update"

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Lung cancer, "the medical update"  

Lung Cancer
In normal cells will grow in accordance with the needs of the body through the stages in the process stages. Mechanism is important for cell replacement of damaged cells and need rejuvenation .. Growth of cells that run in several stages and is controlled by a gene (carrying information) that some act as a trigger, an inhibitor of growth and other processes pengkontrol genes in the cell to run well. Disruption in the gene or the growth process that can cause uncontrolled cell growth. In some cases not all the disorder is growing fast but can be stopped before it turned into fierce that we know with benign tumors. If interference is more severe and the disturbance continued growth and spread elsewhere (metastases) we refer to malignant tumors or cancer.

Conclusion: Cancer is a disease associated with the process of growth and development of uncontrolled cell.

Cancer can happen to anyone, any age and anywhere in the human body. The size of a person likely to suffer from certain types of cancer depending on the risk factors they have. Cancer of the most widely known in adults is breast cancer, nasopharynx cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, blood cancer and lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a type of cancer is the most difficult to treat, many suffered by adult males (age> 40 years) and smokers.

Correlation of lung cancer with smoking "the medical-up date"

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Correlation of lung cancer with smoking "the medical-up date"

Tobacco industry considers that the link between the number of patients with lung cancer with high consumption of cigarettes is a coincidence hanay. But the graphs below, from various studies indicate a very positive correlation, and very consistent that the only cause of lung cancer in general is the consumption of cigarettes.

 

 

 

Effect Lung Cancer "the medical up date"

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Effect Lung Cancer "the medical up date"

The figure below shows the lung is damaged by cancer. Figure on the right (enlarged) shows the alveoli with cancer.

Death usually occurs not because of breathing difficulties caused by the growing cancer, but because the position of the lungs in the circulatory system is easy to make the cancer spread throughout the body. Metastase dissemination towards the brain and other critical parts of the one who caused the death. 90% of patients died within 3 years after diagnosis.

all about cancer "the medical up date"

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About Cancer

Children who were born in 1985, an estimated one-third will never suffer from cancer, and approximately one quarter will die of cancer. We all have family or friends who have cancer. The following table describes the number of cancer sufferers in the U.S. in 1993.

Amount
Patient Number
Percent Death Death
from whole
Cancer
Lung 170 000 149 000 28%
Colon 152 000 57 000 11%
Breast 183 000 46 300 9%
Leukemia 93 000 50 000 9%
Prostate 165 000 35 000 7%

Biggest killer cancer, namely lung cancer, killing nearly 90% of sufferers, or nearly 30% of all cancer deaths. But really it parulah lung cancer is the most easily preventable. Surver in a few decades shows that the only cause of the majority of lung cancer is cigarette smoke.

Carcinogen
Carcinogenic substances (triggers cancer) is contained in cigarettes are:

     * Vinyl chloride
     * Benzo (a) pyrenes
     * Nitroso-nor-nicotine
The only thing more dangerous substances than cigarette smoke in triggering lung cancer is radioactive substances. That is, if eaten or dihidap in sufficient levels.