heart attack

Thursday, October 8, 2009

What is Angina?


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What is Angina?

Angina pectoris ("angina") is a discomfort (or pain), usually felt in the chest, that comes from the heart muscle. You usually feel it as a tightness, heaviness, weight, pressure or some similar feeling. It may also spread to the throat, jaw, shoulders or back. Sometimes you might also notice aching or tingling in your arms or hands when you have angina. You may also experience breathlessness.

Sometimes doctors and nurses use a "shorthand" name - CHD (coronary heart disease) or IHD (ischeamic Heart Disease) for clogged up arteries. Don't let this confuse you it is not a different illness, just a different name.

Wednesday, October 7, 2009

What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?

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What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?
Coronary heart disease is the name given to the disease process called artherosclerosis that causes the smooth inside lining of the coronary arteries to become narrowed by fatty deposits, sometimes called 'plaques' or 'artheroma'. Coronary heart disease is often referred to as CHD but can also sometimes be called:
1.Coronary artery disease or CAD
2.Ischeamic heart disease IHDThis process of depositing fatty material (artheroma) in the blood vessels is called 'arterosclerocis'. When this happens in the coronary arteries it causes Coronary Heart Disease, causing the coronary arteries to narrow.

When the arteries become narrowed it gets more difficult for the blood to reach all areas of the heart muscle. It also makes the blood more likely to clot.

Tuesday, October 6, 2009

The heart also contains valve's which ensure that the blood flows through the heart in the right direction


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The heart also contains valve's which ensure that the blood flows through the heart in the right direction
The cardiovascular system is the medical name given to the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular) in the body.

Just like other organs and muscles in the body, the heart needs it's own blood supply to provide the heart with oxygen and other nourishing substances. These are carried to the heart by blood vessels called 'coronary arteries'.

Monday, October 5, 2009

The Heart and Blood Vessels

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The Heart and Blood Vessels
Your heart is a muscle about the size of your fist. The heart pumps blood through a network of blood vessels to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. The 'oxygen rich' blood is then returned to the heart so it can be pumped onto the organs and tissues throughout your body.

There are two main types of blood vessels which carry blood:

'arteries' carry the oxygen rich blood from the heart to the organs and tissues
'vein's' transport the blood back to the heart from the organs and tissues

heart diseases


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heart diseases
In the United States in the next year, about 1.5 million citizens will suffer a 'heart attack', and for about one third of them it will be fatal. In New Zealand, about 8000 deaths a year a attributed to heart disease, and most of these (about 6600 in 1994) are due to ischaemia. Heart disease is a phenomenon of a 'Western' life style, associated with malnutrition, in the sense of poor dietary habits, lack of exercise and the use of drugs such as nicotine. To understand the nature of heart disease it is necessary to understand first the structure and function of the heart.

The human heart is a remarkable organ. Its essential function is to pump blood at high pressure to the rest of the body, thus providing the energy for conveying oxygen, foodstuffs and endocrine substances to where it is needed, and removing waste products of metabolism from their site of production to the kidneys and lungs, where they can be removed. The heart makes about 70 contractions per minute throughout life, pumping about 5 litres of blood per minute around the body. During extreme exercise the output of the heart can increase fivefold. The gross anatomy of the heart is shown in the picture below.

Sunday, October 4, 2009

WHO publishes definitive atlas on global heart disease and stroke epidemic

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WHO publishes definitive atlas on global heart disease and stroke epidemic
23 SEPTEMBER 2004 | GENEVA -- The atlas of heart disease and stroke, graphically detailing a global epidemic that is the leading single cause of death worldwide, was launched here today, to coincide with World Heart Day, Sunday 26 September 2004. The atlas is expected to provide a powerful advocacy tool to stimulate vital action and help promote constructive decision-making by governments, policymakers, national and international organisations, health professionals, individuals and families everywhere.

The atlas is published by the World Health Organization (WHO), in conjunction with the USA's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and is strongly supported by NGOs such as the World Heart Federation (WHF).



Heart disease and stroke chart [gif 116kb]
Heart disease and stroke kill some 17 million people a year, which is almost one-third of all deaths globally. By 2020, heart disease and stroke will become the leading cause of both death and disability worldwide, with the number of fatalities projected to increase to over 20 million a year and by 2030 to over 24 million a year.

"The old stereotype of cardiovascular diseases affecting only stressed, overweight middle-aged men in developed countries no longer applies," said Dr Robert Beaglehole, WHO Director of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion. "Today, men, women and children are at risk and 80% of the burden is in low- and middle-income countries. Heart disease and stroke not only take lives, but also cause an enormous economic burden. The atlas should be a significant new resource for global advocacy and education activity."

Dr Judith Mackay, co-author of the atlas with CDC's Dr George Mensah, said: “No matter what advances there are in high-technology medicine, the fundamental message is that any major reduction in deaths and disability from heart disease and stroke will come primarily from prevention, not just cure. This must involve robust reduction of risk factors, through encouraging our children to adopt healthy lifestyle habits and by introducing appropriate policies and intervention programmes.”

For the first time in one publication, the atlas captures updated data for each country, which is depicted through colourful maps, photographs and images and provides risk factor statistics for the occurrence of high blood pressure, tobacco, physical inactivity, obesity, lipids and diabetes. The diverse elements of this global epidemic including risk factors, similarities and differences between countries, the economic burden, prevention, policies and legislation, treatment and predictions are chronicled. A world data table is also published for the first time and gives statistics for each country, including the number of healthy life years lost to heart disease and stroke, the prevalence of smoking and the status of policies and legislation.

“While heart disease and stroke are eminently preventable, decision-makers and government funding agencies are, overall, neglecting this public health issue,” said Janet VoĆ»te, CEO, WHF, an NGO dedicated to the global prevention of heart disease and stroke. “The WHF strongly endorses the atlas as a valuable resource for global advocacy and educational activity to fight the heart disease and stroke epidemic. We know how to reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke, but what is needed now is the combination of necessary resources and political will by each country to take effective action."

The atlas is being launched to coincide with World Heart Day, which is a major driving force for encouraging global heart disease and stroke prevention. The focus this year is Children, Adolescents and Heart Disease, because children are increasingly adopting unhealthy lifestyles. Obesity, poor diets, smoking and physical inactivity, the leading causes of heart disease and stroke, are now being seen at an alarmingly early age. Around 100 countries will take part in this, the fifth annual, World Heart Day, with member societies organising educational activities for everyone to get involved. Thousands of people around the world will join one of the walks, runs, jump rope or fitness sessions, have a health check or learn about heart-healthy lifestyles from the public talks, scientific forums and exhibitions.

Saturday, October 3, 2009

heart diseases


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heart diseases
Heart diseases are number one killer in the world. There are many different forms of heart diseases. Mostly heart diseases are caused due to narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This heart disease is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. This blockage causes major heart attacks.

The problem that happens with heart is valve problem. In this problem, heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with this kind of heart disease.

Friday, October 2, 2009

ischemic heart disease

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ischemic heart disease
Apart from chest pain, other symptoms that accompany Ischemic Heart Disease include back pain, pressure in the chest area, shortness of breath, and extreme fatigue. Pain from angina is usually known to radiate down a person’s left arm, jaw and back. This type of pain is worsened by any form of exercise, but relieved by periods of rest. Usually the pain may be accompanied by excessive sweating.

Other signs that accompany ischemia include obesity, thyroid and vascular disease, anemia, and tendon xanthomas, a thickening in the Achilles tendon.

Ischemia Heart Disease may also result in sudden death, also known as a massive heart attack. Nearly 250,000 people succumb to sudden cardiac death each year. This fatal condition is caused by ventricular fibrillation, an abnormal heart rhythm that renders the heart unable to contract, resulting in a cessation of blood flow to the brain as well as other vital organs of the body. Unless immediate CPR is performed or electric shock delivered via a defibrillator, a person suffering from this condition is likely to die.

The doctor will subject the patient to an exercise stress test while the patient is wearing a Holter monitory. This battery-operated tape recorder is a portable electrocardiogram that reads a person’s heart movements for a period of 24 to 48 hours in order to detect ischemia.

The doctor may also order an echocardiogram to check for any abnormalities in the heart’s chambers and to assess the efficiency of the heart’s pumping action. Myocardial perfusion scanning is also useful in diagnosing ischemia, as is having a coronary angiogram taken to accurately pinpoint the extent and location within the coronary arteries that experience hardening and narrowing.

One other diagnostic tool that makes use of imaging technology is nuclear myocardial imaging, which utilizes radioactive tracers to monitor the journey of the blood towards the heart muscle.

There are various therapies geared at treating Ischemic Heart Disease. Doctors may describe nitrates that work to dilate coronary arteries that have narrowed. When placed under the tongue, they can relieve chest pain in minutes. Other medications, such as Isosorbide Mononitrate and Isosorbide Dinitrate are prophylactics that prevent the occurrence of pain.

Pain relief may also be achieved my reducing the demand for oxygen and decreasing a person’s heart rate through the use of Beta-blockers. Calcium channel antagonists are able to dilate constricted blood vessels, as well as lower a person’s excitability, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Daily aspirin intake is known to thin the blood and prevent platelets from forming into blood clots.

Surgery is a last resort option if medical therapy has failed to relieve a person’s ischemia symptoms. This is particularly true if an angiogram result reveals significant levels of blockage in the blood vessels. These surgical procedures include Coronary Angioplasty, a process of dilating a congested blood vessel by inflating a balloon within the blood vessel itself. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, meanwhile, involves replacing part of a deceased artery with soft tissue grafted from the patient’s body.

A patient who has been diagnosed with Ischemic Heart Disease will need to make certain lifestyle changes in order to ward off symptoms of ischemia. These lifestyle changes will include avoiding stress, smoking, a high fat diet, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Thursday, October 1, 2009

Risk Factors for Heart Disease

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Risk Factors for Heart Disease
The reason why some people and not others develop coronary heart disease is not fully understood. It is known that certain factors, called "risk factors" can increase the risk of a person developing the disease.

Risk factors can be divided into two groups 'modifiable' and 'non-modifiable' risk factors;

Modifiable risk factors - these are risk factors that can be changed including:

High Blood Lipids (Fats)

High Blood Pressure

Diabetes

Being Overweight

Smoking

Lack of Physical Activity

Poor Eating Habits

Depression
Non-modifiable risk factors - these are risk factors that can't be changed including:

Age & Sex

Family History

Ethnicity

Stable Angina

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Stable Angina

You will usually get your angina by doing something energetic or by getting excited or upset. You might find it worse in cold weather. We call this kind of angina "stable" angina.

Angina is caused by the heart muscle not getting enough blood; it occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood due to the narrowing of the coronary arteries (blood vessels) that bring blood to the heart muscle. Normally there is a sufficient flow of blood to the heart muscle at rest or during light activity. With more energetic activity (or when you get excited or angry) the heart has to pump harder and faster and the muscle need more blood (just like a car uses more petrol when it goes faster or climbs a hill). If the coronary arteries are narrowed the blood flow passing through them cannot increase and the heart muscle complains about the blood supply not matching what it needs. You feel this as angina. In many ways angina is like a muscle cramp in the arm or leg; which occurs when the working muscle does not get enough blood to match what it needs. Angina warns you to stop and rest for a few minutes or calm down a bit. Unstable Angina

If your angina suddenly comes on more often and/or the attacks are more uncomfortable or last longer, we call it "unstable" angina. It is much less common than "stable" angina. The attacks may come on with less exercise than usual or even at rest. Sometimes this is how a patient first experiences angina but very often unstable angina happens in a patient who has previously had ordinary (or "stable") angina for months or years.

Unstable angina occurs when an artery becomes very narrow indeed, so that even the blood supply to the heart muscle when you are at rest may not be enough. Unstable angina is an emergency and requires urgent admission to hospital.

'Silent' Heart Attacks Often Unnoticed


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'Silent' Heart Attacks Often Unnoticed
Nearly 200,000 people are affected by an undiagnosed, or “silent,” heart attack in the United States each year, according to a new study by Duke University Medical Center Researchers.

A silent heart attack is both silent and potentially deadly, because no typical signs such as shortness of breath and severe chest pain are present.

Researchers estimate about 40 to 60 percent of all heart attacks may be of this “silent” type.

Silent heart attacks, also called non-Q-wave unrecognized myocardial infarctions (UMIs) often go undetected because the person doesn’t experience any pain and telltale irregularities are often undetectable on electrocardiograms (EKGs).

"No one has fully understood how often silent heart attacks occur and what they mean, in terms of prognosis," says Han Kim, MD, a cardiologist at Duke and the lead author of the study.

A heart attack is typically caused by a clot interfering with the flow of blood from a coronary artery to the heart. Well-known symptoms include severe chest pain, fainting, nausea and shortness of breath.

Risk factors are one in the same for both silent heart attacks and regular heart attacks, say experts, and include diabetes, stress, smoking and family history.

For the study, researchers used a new technique called DE-CMR (delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance) on 185 patients who had never had a diagnosed heart attack but were suspected of having coronary artery disease.

A heart attack that occurred in the past may still leave a specific alteration on an ECG called a Q-wave, which signals the presence of damaged tissue. While silent heart attacks do not have associated Q-waves.

They followed up with patients after two years and found that 35 percent of patients had evidence of a heart attack and that silent heart attacks without Q-waves were three times more common than those that had Q-waves.

Those patients with non-Q-wave silent heart attacks also had 11 times greater risk of death from any cause and a 17-fold risk of death from heart problems compared with patients without heart damage.

Currently, there are no definitive treatment guidelines about how patients with UMIs should be treated, says Kim.

“If patients with UMIs are identified, they are typically treated similarly to those patients where heart disease has been previously documented. In future studies, researchers will likely examine how common unrecognized non-Q-wave heart attacks are in other patient groups and how UMIs should be treated

Ischemic Heart Disease

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Ischemic Heart Disease
Ischemic Heart Disease, also known as Coronary Artery Disease, is a condition that involves the accumulation of fatty deposits within the cells that line the walls of the arteries. There are two main coronary arteries that lead to the heart and provide its main source of blood. When these arteries are gradually suffused with a slow build-up of fatty deposits, it narrows these blood supply passages in a process known as atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis not only impedes the supply of blood to the heart, it also hardens the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis eventually leads to ischemia, a condition wherein the heart muscle becomes deprived of oxygen-rich blood, which results in damage to the heart muscle and a possible occlusion of the blood vessels. When this occurs, a person may suffer from a myocardial infarction, more infamously known as a heart attack.

There are as many as 4 million Americans who have Ischemic Heart Disease or experience episodes of ischemia without being aware of it. Some cases of ischemia are asymptomatic, and there is a complete absence of pain. These cases are known as silent ischemia, and may give rise to a heart attack without any warning signs at all. Silent ischemia is prevalent among people suffering from angina, those who have had a history of heart attack, or people suffering from diabetes.

Ischemic Heart Disease is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for nearly 500,000 deaths annually. It affects more men than women and occurs between the ages of 35 and 55 years for both sexes. There are about 14 million people who suffer from Ischemic Heart Disease in the country, and are at a higher risk for contracting angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death.

Ischemic Heart Disease has been known to develop due to several risk factors such as having high cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus and smoking. People who suffer from high blood cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia have a higher degree of risk for developing ischemia.

Other risk factors that may cause Ischemic Heart Disease are hypertension, genetic and hereditary factors, menopause, and stress.

Some of the complications arising from this condition include angina pectoris, or angina. This disorder is characterized by chest pain just underneath the breastbone. The pain is a result of a lack of oxygen to the heart caused by the plaque deposits irregularly lining the coronary arteries. Angina pectoris may be mild or intense, lasting up to several minutes at a time. There are approximately 350,000 cases of angina in the United States each year.

A person with Ischemic Heart Disease may also experience acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack. This occurs when the fatty deposits lining the coronary arteries develop a blood clot. This blood clot presents prevents the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, and when this happens, a portion of the heart muscle may die, causing a heart attack. A person who has had a heart attack will bear a scar or fibrosis on the heart muscle, impairing the heart’s blood-pumping ability to some degree.

Gender‘s Heart Disorders and Mortalities

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Gender‘s Heart Disorders and Mortalities
The heart diseases are spreading around the world at an alarming rate.Millions of people have been fighting with heart diseases now a day.The major reason of the heart diseases is the lack of knowledge, awareness, heavy foodstuffs, oily, busy routine life, and lack of walking, jogging as well as exercising.That is the main cause of high cholesterol, artery damage, vessels beating and a sudden heart attack which often causes the fatal of a man.

Numerous death tolls

Today millions of the people around the world have been dying due to various heart diseases.The ratio is very high in the poor countries such as Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia.On the other hand the United and States and all famous European countries are indulged in the diseases of heart fatal.

Gender under heart mortality

Therefore the heart diseases ratio is very different as for as the gender matters are concerned.Most of the women are facing with heart diseases and deaths.That is the recent research.Among them the beautiful young women are killing due to heart diseases really. That is the belief of the BMC community fitness center.

the cure of dieases



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the cure of dieases
Canada is fighting a raging modern epidemic, and the effects are profound. Degenerative disease has become the new “black death”, with casualty rates of staggering proportions.

Conditions such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, or obesity have become household names. So common is disease, we now believe it is a normal part of aging, as a perpetual mass of both young and old fill hospital corridors.

The true impact of this epidemic sinks in deepest by adding up combined Health Canada statistics. Remarkably, we find that nearly 80 percent of total Canadians deaths are due to disease.

A Black Hole

According to a 2005 report by the Canadian Institute for Health Information, (CIHI), annual health care spending in Canada increased nearly $100 billion in the last 20 years. At present, we pour over $140 Billion per year into this black hole.

We could easily blame inflation, changes in health-care practice, or population increases for these bloated expenditures. But this is not a complete, nor realistic explanation for our current health care freefall.

Our orthodox health model remains silent also; as it nurtures the existing tempest of disease for economic gain. The solution is only made clear when we recognize the cause.

The Dietary Conundrum

The most important lesson to grasp is dramatically improving our diet. Many experts believe that 90 percent of sickness and disease is either directly or indirectly related to the quality of food we consume. In particular, we need to examine our use of highly processed, packaged, and preserved foods.

Eating establishments cater to our desire for eating out. About 30 percent of every Canadian food dollar is now spend on restaurant foods, instead of healthy alternatives.

In large part, Canadians no longer understand the laws that govern good health. We need to eat more fresh or organic fruits and vegetables, whole grains and legumes, meats, and dairy products as basic tenants to sound nutrition.

The Crisis of Inactivity

Many Canadians have jobs which involve sitting all day. Recreational activities are little better; confined to video or movie screens, or in the bleachers at the ball game, as they watch professional athletes get the exercise they need.

The result: over 15 million people in this country, or roughly 50% of our population, are either overweight or obese, according to data from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS).

We’re a generation of readers, writers, speakers, thinkers and couch potatoes. Every year, about 21,000 Canadians die prematurely due to inactivity. The ensuing cost to our health-care system is more than $2 billion annually.

What Can Be Done?

To enjoy the kind of health that makes it seem good to be alive, here are some basic rules to apply:

1. Stop the cause of disease – corrupted, man made foods and drinks aggravate and harm the body; acting as poisons, not foods. The quality of our diet affects the degree of well being experienced.

2. Remove congestion from the body – selection of poor foods – specifically lack of dietary fibre – becomes a burden for the body to eliminate, and induces self poisoning. A bowel cleanse, along with a wholesome diet will do wonders to reverse sluggish elimination. Ask your natural health practitioner about this option.

3. Supply the body with needed elements – processed foods or those grown under sub optimal conditions cannot contribute to lasting well being. Natural, good quality foods nourish our immunity and good health, alongside increased sleep, plenty of exercise, fresh air and sunlight.

4. Keep learning – read, take courses, talk to others of like mind, or go to health seminars. Awareness of basic health principles leads to empowerment.

If we can learn these points and apply them in our lives, we will substantially improve our health. It will take some effort, but the reward of a strong and vigorously healthy body will more than repay the effort.

Only when natural health care becomes a personal passion, do we become inspired to change. The ensuing transformation then brings love of life, laughter, enthusiasm and energetic vitality.

To quote George Bernard Shaw: “Use your health, even to the point of wearing it out. That is what it is for. Spend all you have before you die; do not outlive yourself.”

heart diseases

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heart diseases
Heart disease is going up at an alarming rate due to irregular lifestyle, obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Experts believe that by 2010 India will top the world chart in heart diseases and there will be a 200% increase in heart ailments among youth
That’s the reason why this year’s World Heart Day[last Sunday of every september] is urging people to "Know Your Risk". It’s a call to action to help people to understand their personal risk for cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. There are five strategies to keep your heart healthy. These strategies include not "smoking or using tobacco products, to be active, to eat a heart-healthy diet, to maintain a healthy weight and get regular health screening"

Saturday, September 5, 2009

Is colposcopy it? "the medical update"

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Is colposcopy it? 

Colposcopy is a procedure vaginal and cervical examination rahims by a physician experienced in the field. By examining the surface rahims neck, the doctor will determine the cause of abnormality of cervical cells rahims as stated in the examination 'Pap smear'. How to colposcopy examination were as follows: the doctor will insert a liquid into the vagina and neck tint rahims channels with a liquid that makes the surface of the rahims neck cells contain an abnormal terwarnai .. Then the doctor will look into the channel through the neck rahims a tool called kolposkop. Kolposkop is a binocular microscope, such a tool that uses a strong light with high magnification. 
If the abnormal area was localized, the doctor will take samples of the tissue (a biopsy) for later sent to a lab for a detailed examination and accurate. Treatment will depend on the results of all your colposcopy examination.

Risk for cervical cancer "the medical update"

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Risk for cervical cancer:

Every woman who ever had sexual intercourse has a risk of cervical cancer. Cells of the cervix may experience changes that are needed to do a Pap smear test regularly (both who have or who have never get a Pap smear test). Similarly, for those of you who smoke likely to get cervical cancer is very large.
Met Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is often suspected as the cause of the abnormal changes of the cells of the cervix.
Having a sexual partner changing or starting sexual activity at a very young age may also increase the risk of getting cervical cancer.
What should you do to prevent cervical cancer?
The first, if you ever had sexual intercourse you should do a Pap smear test regularly every two years and this is done until you are 70 years old. In some cases doctors may recommend to perform a Pap smear test more often.
The second thing is to report any symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, especially after coitus (intercourse).
The third thing is to not smoke. Statistical data reported that the risk of cervical cancer would be higher if the woman smokes.
By doing some actions that can minimize these risks, we hope the event excluded from this cervical cancer. Hopefully.
Can you imagine, how would you feel if you know the results of 'Pap Smear' you gave abnormal results? Certainly you will feel worried and anxious, when you find that the results of 'Pap Smear' you are abnormal. But do not worry too much before, because not all the appearance of cells that are abnormal means cancer. It 'Pap Smear' can detect abnormalities of cells changes in the cervix at an early stage. Paradigm to remember is the early discovery of abnormalities on examination 'Pap smear', it will be more easily solved problem.
What does it mean if 'Pap Smear' you are abnormal.
Results 'Pap Smear' say if the abnormal cells from your cervix when examined under a microscope will give a different appearance with normal cells. This event usually occurs 1 in 10 tests 'Pap smear'. Several factors can provide indications discovery apparition 'Pap Smear' abnormal is:
Unsatisfactory 'Pap Smear'
In this case, means that employees in these Lab could not see the cells of your neck with details rahims that fail to make a report to your doctor komprehensive. If this case happened to you should you come back for examination 'Pap smear' in time to be determined by your doctor.
If there is infection or inflammation
Sometimes the examination 'Pap Smear' gives the appearance of inflammation. This means that the cells in the neck rahims experience a mild irritation in nature. Sometimes inflammation can be detected through a 'Pap smear', even if we do not feel the complaints because terasanya not cause clinical symptoms. Why is mixed. May have occurred due to infection by bacteria, or because the fungus'. Consult with your doctor about this problem and its treatment if necessary. Ask when you have to go through 'Pap Smear' again.
Minor Atypia or Atypia
The meaning of this situation is if the examination 'Pap Smear' changes detected cells rahims neck, but very minor and the cause is not clear. In this case, usually the result reported as 'atypia'. Usually the appearance changes such cells due to inflammation, but also because it is not rare viral infection. Because to make a definitive diagnosis is not possible at this stage, your doctor may recommend you for another checkup in six months. In general, these cells will return to normal again. Thus, it is very important for you to do 'Pap Smear' again to make sure that the abnormalities that appear on first inspection it is not a serious disorder. If the results produce the same results then you may be advised to undergo colposcopy.

Friday, September 4, 2009

Treatment for cervical cancer "the medical update"

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Treatment for cervical cancer. 

As with other disease events, if the initial change can be detected as early as possible, action can be given treatment as early as possible. If the initial changes have been known to the general treatment is given by: 
Heating, diathermy or laser. 
Cone biopsy, namely by taking a few of the cells, cervical cells, including cells undergoing changes. This allows a more thorough examination to ensure that cells change. This examination can be performed by the obstetrician. 
If the course of the disease has reached the stage of pre-cancer and cervical cancer have been identified, it is for healing, some things you can do is: 
Operation, namely by taking the cancerous area, usually the uterus and cervix. 
Radiotherapy is by using high-powered X-rays that can be done internally and externally.

How Signs of Cervical Cancer? "the medical update"

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How Signs of Cervical Cancer? 

Changes that occur early in cervical cells is not always a sign of cancer. Pap smear test regularly is necessary to know the early beginning of a change in the cancer cells. Changes in cancer cells may lead to further bleeding after sexual activity or between menstrual periods. 
If you get these signs, you should immediately conduct investigation into the doctor. Any change or discharge (discharge) is not a normal thing, and a thorough examination must be done even if you've just done a Pap smear test. Even so, in general, after a thorough examination, the results are not always positive cancer.

Thursday, September 3, 2009

How cervical cancer occur? "the medical update"

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How cervical cancer occur? 
Like all cancers, cervical cancers occur characterized by the growth of cells on the cervix that is not unusual (abnormal). But before these cells become cancer cells, there are some changes experienced by these cells. Changes in these cells usually take up many years before the cells had been transformed into cancer cells. During these breaks, proper treatment will soon be able to stop the cells are abnormal cells before they turn into cancer cells. The cells are abnormal presence can be detected by a test called a Pap smear test ", so the earlier the abnormal cells were detected, the more a person's risk rendahlah cervical cancer. 
It is a Pap smear test is a test that is safe and inexpensive and has been used for years to detect abnormalities that occur in cells of the cervix. This test was first discovered by Dr. George Papanicolou, so called a Pap smear test. Pap smear test is a method of examination of cells taken from the cervix and then examined under a microscope to see the changes that occur from these cells. Changes in the cells of the cervix detected early will allow treatment of certain actions taken before these cells can develop into cancer cells.
This test only takes a few minutes. In a state lying on your back, an instrument called a speculum will be inserted into the hole intercourse. This tool is to open and hold the vaginal wall in order to remain open, allowing a free view and cervix seen clearly. Cells of the cervix and then taken by way of wiping the cervix with an instrument called a spatula, a device resembling a handle on ice cream, and smears is applied to the object-glass, and then sent to a pathology laboratory for a more thorough examination. 
Procedure Pap smear test may be very unpleasant for you, but will not cause pain. Perhaps you would prefer a female doctor for this procedure, but in general the general practitioners and family planning clinics can turn to for help for a Pap smear test. Try doing a Pap smear test at the time was a week or two weeks after the end of your menstrual period. If you have menopause, a Pap smear test you can do at any time. But if the bladder uterus and cervix have been removed or surgery (hysterectomy or surgical removal of bladder uterus and cervix), you no longer need to do a Pap smear test because you're free from the risk of cervical cancer. Pap smear test is usually done once every two years, and better done on a regular basis. It should always remember is never too late to do a Pap smear test. Pap smear test is always required even if you are no longer doing sexual activities.

What about cervical cancer? Was also just scary to some other cancers?

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What about cervical cancer? 
Was also just scary to some other cancers?
According to experts cancer, cervical cancer is one type of cancer the most preventable and most curable of all cancers. But, even so, in the area just west of Australia, recorded as many as 85 people a positive effect on women diagnosed with cervical cancer each year. And in 1993 alone, 40 women had died a victim of this cancer malignancy.

Wednesday, September 2, 2009

cervical cancer "the medical update"

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cervical cancer "the medical update"

Of course you are familiar with the term cervical cancer (Cervical Cancer), or cancer of the cervix. True, as the name suggests, cervical cancer is cancer that occurs in the uterine cervix, an area in which the female reproductive organ is the entrance to the uterus located between the womb (uterus) with a hole intercourse (vaginal). This cancer usually occurs in women who have aged, but the statistical evidence shows that cervical cancer can also attack women aged between 20 to 30 years. 
Indeed the term "cancer" itself is certainly giving the impression scary and creepy. Like a death row inmate received. 
Cervical cancer or cervical cancer is a cancer that attacks the women of this cancer occurs in the uterine cervix is an area in which the female reproductive organ is the entrance to the uterus located between the womb (uterus) with a hole intercourse (vaginal). The exact cause of cervical cancer (cervical) as yet known with certainty. But there is a fairly close relation between infection of cervical cancer with HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). So when this HPV vaccination is one effort to prevent cervical cancer (cervical). HPV vaccination is given to women who had never had sexual contact and the condition of normal uterus, and no pre-cancerous lesions.

Sunday, August 30, 2009

Types of Mesothelioma "the medical update"

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Types of Mesothelioma "the medical update"

    * Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of malignant mesothelioma, comprising approximately 75 percent of all mesothelioma cases. This type develops in the lining of the lungs, called the pleura.
The pleura are the tissue that covers and lines the lungs. These are referred to by the medical community as pleural membranes. The pleura are fibrous membranes and the space between them is the pleural space. The pleural protect the lungs by producing a lubricant that fills the pleural space. This lubricant also allows the lungs to move easily within the chest cavity as we inhale and exhale.

Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of the disease. Since the lungs are so close to the heart, it is almost always affected. The pericardium is the lining found on the outside of the heart and allows it to move freely within the heart cavity.
    * Peritoneal mesothelioma develops in the abdomen’s peritoneum, a layer that covers the abdominal cavity and surrounds abdominal organs.
    * Pericardial mesothelioma develops in the pericardium, a membrane that surrounds the heart and provides protection and support to this organ.
    * Testicular mesothelioma, the rarest form of mesothelioma, develops in the lining surrounding the testicle, called the tunica vaginalis.

Mesothelioma "the medical update"

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Mesothelioma "the medical update"
Mesothelioma is a rare, aggressive cancer that develops in the mesothelial cells that line many organs and body cavities. The cancer typically attacks the thin lining of the lungs, abdomen or heart, known as the mesothelium?. Each year an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of malignant mesothelioma are diagnosed in the United States.

Saturday, August 29, 2009

Asbestos Cancer "the medical up date"

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 Over the course of the past century, millions of people have unknowingly been exposed to asbestos, a class of fibrous minerals known to cause a variety of cancers.

Often referred to as "asbestos cancer," mesothelioma is the most common form of cancer caused by asbestos exposure.


Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update" Surgery

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Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update"
Surgery


KPKBSK only done for staging I or II or for palliative treatment of life-threatening conditions such massive coughing up blood, severe life-threatening breathing, or severe pain. Surgery is done is by removing 1 lung lobe (sometimes more) the discovery of the tumor and also remove all mediastinal lymph nodes. Diagnosis before surgery may be changed after surgery. It happened because of limited diagnostic tools or illness has evolved over the decision of surgery performed. The result may be after the surgery the patient should receive radiation or chemotherapy immediately after the operation the wound healed.

In the special case for example with the spread of head and found only 1 tumor in the brain and disrupt the life qualities of patients can be tumor removal surgery in the head with. In Indonesia (Jakarta) have been able to perform surgery  therapy in the head with a cyber knife.


Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy or irradiation given to the staging KPKBSK III and IV, can be given only to overcome the problems in the lung (local therapy) or combined with chemotherapy. Patients who received radiotherapy was decided to be referred to a specialist lung specialist radiotherapy and will return to the original doctor if treatment does not respond or have been completed or radioterapi appeared radiotherapy side effects that result.

Radiotherapy can be given if the homeostatic system (HB, the number of white blood cells or leukocytes and blood platelets) good. Radiotherapy is usually given 5 days a week with the average dose of 200 cGy per day until the dose from 5000 to 6000 cGy. Given ray depends on the existing equipment at the hospital, such as cobalt or LINAC side-effects evaluation performed after every delivery 5x (1000 cGy) when there is interference of radiation will be suspended, eg HB <10 g%. Leukocytes <3000/dl or platelets <100.000/dl. The doctor will make corrections and if it meets the requirements of radiation can be done again.

To see the response the doctor will perform radiation ray image after radiation given every 10x (2000 cGy). If the positive response penelian (tumors shrink or settle) the radiation can be forwarded, but if a negative response (tumor enlarged or new growth) radiation should be stopped.

Radiotherapy can also be given to the primary tumor location rather than, for example, radiation head if the tumor has spread to the head, bone radiation if the tumor has spread to the bone. KPKSK case of radiation to the head should be given after the chemotherapy is given over 6 cycles.

Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update" Targeted therapy

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Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update"
Targeted therapy

In many patients the condition can not qualify for surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy will be offered a new class of drug delivery with a mechanism that has stood the test known as targeted therapy. These drugs are given 1x per day by way drunk. Until recently recommended the use of targeted therapy for lung cancer is better after chemotherapy is given except in cases of major treatment choices cases can not be done.


Other therapies

With a variety of reasons many lung cancer patients choose alternative medicine that has not been tested and not the standard for treatment of lung cancer. If it was decided that the patient and family choice advice is to stay patient to a specialist control lung in order to monitor drug side effects of medications used, and can decide when alternative medicine was the medicine is not useful and should be stopped.

Note: often the cost of alternative medicine is more expensive than the main treatment options such as radiation or chemotherapy.

Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update" Chemotherapy

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Treatment options for lung cancer, "the medical update"
Chemotherapy


Chemotherapy was given anti-cancer drugs in patients with infused way. In the chemotherapy is given more than 1 type of anticancer drugs and are usually 2 kinds, the goal that more cancer cells that can be killed by a different path. Giving chemotherapy should be done in the hospital because it was given in a particular procedure or protokol different depending on the type of anti-cancer drugs are used.

Chemotherapy can be given to all types of lung cancer and the aim is not only kills cancer cells in primary tumors but also the pursuit of cancer cells that spread elsewhere. Chemotherapy is a treatment option for KPKSK and KPKBSK stage III / IV.

Giving chemotherapy requires some reservations among other good general condition of the patient is still able to do activities of their own, liver function, kidney function and function hemostatik (HB, the number of white blood cells or platelet lekosit and blood) should be good. Chemotherapy cycles calculated with the provision that can be done every 21 to 28 days each cycle.

Side effects of chemotherapy sometimes very disturbing, such as impeachment of the hair s / d bald, nausea, vomiting, tingling, diarrhea and even allergies. Side effects were not equal time there and severity of each person and also depends on the type of drug used. Other side effects that can disturb the process is malfunctioning hemostatik HB <10 g%. Leukocytes <3.000/dl or platelets <100.000/dl. Side effects assessed since the start of chemotherapy I was given. Serious side effects may stop the delivery schedule, the doctor will correct the side effects that come with giving medication and blood transfusion if necessary.

The evaluation assessed the results of chemotherapy at least 2 cycles after delivery (before the third chemotherapy is given) which can be subjective response which is what BB increased or decreased complaints and thorax images to see abnormalities in the lungs. Evaluation by using thoracic CT-scan performed after the 3rd cycle (prior to chemotherapy IV). If the tumor  missing (complete response) smaller part (partial response) or tumor settled well but the subjective response to chemotherapy  served until 4 to 6 cycles. But if the evaluation occurs as the tumor enlarged deterioration or new tumor growth, chemotherapy should be discontinued and replaced with a type of anti-cancer drugs other.

Staging (degrees or degree) Lung Cancer "the medical up date"

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 Staging (degrees or degree) Lung Cancer

Staging of lung cancer is divided based on histological types of lung cancer, whether KPKSK or KPKBSK. Staging is important to determine which treatment option should be given to the patient. Staging based on size and location of primary tumor, involvement of organs in the breast / chest wall (T), lymph node spread (N), or distant spread (M)


Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Carcinoma (KPKSK)

Staging of lung cancer is divided based on histological types of lung cancer, whether KPKSK or KPKBSK. Staging is important to determine which treatment option should be given to the patient. Staging based on size and location of primary tumor, involvement of organs in the breast / chest wall (T), lymph node spread (N), or distant spread (M)


Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Carcinoma (KPKSK)

     *
       Staging / Tier Limited
     *
       Tumor was found in one lung and penjelaran to the lymph nodes in the same lung
     *
       Staging / Tier Area
     *
       Tumor has spread out from one lung or other organs outside the lungs.


Types of Lung Cancer Small Cell Carcinoma Not (KPKBSK)


     *
       Staging / Level A / B
       One tumor size less than or greater than 3 cm in one lobe of lung

     *
       Staging / Level II A / B
       A tumor in the lung lobe is attached to the chest wall or spread to lymph nodes in the same lung

     *
       Staging / Level III A
       Tumors that spread to the lymph nodes in the area trakeal entered the chest wall and diaphragma

     *
       Staging / Level III B
       Tumors that spread to the lymph nodes in the opposite lung, or in the neck.

     *
       Staging / Level IV
       Tumors that spread another gets lung or other organs outside the lungs.

Types of lung cancer cells "the medical-up date"

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Types of lung cancer cells "the medical-up date"

Some of the tests of lung specialists to get lung cancer cell types include:

     *
       Sputum cytology: to find cancer cells in sputum or sputum patients, positive results if the cancer is usually found in the respiratory tract. This examination positif<10% and highly dependent on the technique  sputum of patients to be reviewed. Sputum should be examined fresh sputum morning and immediately taken to the anatomic pathology laboratory for processing.

     *
       Fine needle biopsy: is taking tissue specimens from the superficial tumors using fine needle. For example for a tumor found in the neck, armpit or chest wall that can be palpated. This technique is simple and couples rarely cause severe complications. At the moment did sometimes required anesthesia (anesthesia) local residents. Raw results of this examination will be placed in a glass object must soaked in 98% alcohol and sent to the anatomical pathology to the process. The doctor can usually perform pulmonary rapidly and high positif results. But keep in mind though sometimes the result of positive but not the distribution of lung cancer, such as tuberculosis (TB), cancer of the lymph nodes, etc..

     *
       Ie taking Punksi pleural fluid from pleural cavity (lining the lungs) if found in the fluid of lung cancer. Punksi uses intravenous needles size 14, if the volume of lung fluid little doctor will track the exact location with the help of thoracic ultrasound. punksini results will be analyzed and sent to the anatomic pathology laboratory for processing. Positive results are not always gate  with this technique but must be done. If the volume of fluid enough lung specialist will simultaneously issue up to 1500 cc depending on patient tolerance. If the patient feels uncomfortable, crowded or cough cough the fluid flow must be stopped. In case the amount of fluid that kept many, the pulmonary specialist will flow by placing a chest tube (WSD) in an effort to reduce complaints and the lung can expand the maximum. Punksi pleura and chest tube fitting mostly pulmonary specialist with a local anesthetic. But in severe conditions should be done in the operating room with general anesthesia.

     *
       Pleural biopsy is taking a bit of pleural tissue obtained if the pleural space due to fluid retention. This method is usually done in conjunction with pleural  also not too big.

     *
       TTNA (Transthoracal needle aspiration): ie taking tissue specimens using a fine needle through the chest wall. Can be done based on the photo or with the demands of the thoracic CT-scan of lung specialists dll.  doctor  used to do this with a local anesthetic with a large positiv level.

     *
       Another way is to take the material or in spesiem airway with the help of bronchoscopy procedures. Bronchoscopy is the examination technique using a bronchoscope to see abnormalities in respiratory disorders and, if found will be flushing action, sweep and biopsy and even TBLB (trans-bronchial lung biopsy). If found kelaianan respiratory point that it is a tumor in the lung is lung cancer. Bronchoscopy requires careful preparation, Whether good cardiac function, either  bleeding or other complications due to this technique may cause serious complications k although very small numbers.

types of lung cancer checks on "the medical-up date"

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types of lung cancer checks on "the medical-up date"

Physical examination

Doctors sometimes do not get a physical examination abnormalities in lung cancer staging early disease. This is because the tumor is still small volume and has not spread so as not to cause interference in other places. In the case of the staging information will be found abnormalities depends on the noise generated by the primary tumor or its spread. Acquired abnormalities and large depends on the location of tumors that cause interference. Lung cancer can also cause the pile in the pleural cavity fluid or pressure veins (venous), etc.. Abnormalities that can be found regarding the spread of cancer, for example lump in the neck, armpit. Not infrequently the patient also comes with paralysis due to the spread in the brain or spinal cord (vetebra).


Examination (diagnostic procedures)

The discovery of cell types (histological) cancer is the main requirement to say a person has cancer and can then be determined staging (stage) disease as quickly as possible to determine the best treatment. It is important to remember that not all types of checks should be performed on patients but on the basis of common conditions and diseases at the time to come to the doctor. The doctor will always ask for the approval of patients and their families for any tests done. On the bad general condition sometimes doctors will decide to give treatment before the diagnosis must occur, for example, a patient comes with a great breath and face / neck and arms were swollen from the tumor's blood pressure pembulu behind (superior vena cava syndrome) or great pain, especially if the cancer have damaged the bone.

risk factors of lung cancer "the medical update"

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 risk factors of lung cancer "the medical update"
Lung cancer in the broadest sense is all malignancies in the lung disease, including malignancy originating from the lung itself (primary) or spread (metastatic) tumors of other organs. Specific definitions for primary lung cancer, malignant tumor that is derived from the epithelium (cellular network) or the bronchial airways.

Lung cancer most commonly found in older men and smokers. More than 80% of lung cancer associated with smoking. However, not all smokers eventually lung cancer. Quit smoking will reduce the very significant risk of lung cancer a person. Risk in former smokers is greater than the people who never smoked. Another factor that could be a risk factor mainly associated with the inhaled air.

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

     *
       Male
     *
       Age more than 40 years
     *
       Tobacco users (white smokers, Cigarettes or cigars)
     *
       Life or closely with environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking)
     *
       Radon and asbestos
     *
       Certain industrial
     *
       Chemicals, such as arsenic
     *
       Some organic chemicals
     *
       Radiation from work, medicine, environmental
     *
       Air pollution

Someone who belonged to high risk (GRT) if you have a complaint breathing (respiratory disorder) such as cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, should be  himself and referred to a specialist lung

Why lung cancer difficult to treat "the medical-up date"

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Why lung cancer difficult to treat "the medical-up date"
To answer these questions need to be understood first of pulmonary organ function.
Description Image

     a. airway
     b. heart
     c. airbag

Lung is the organ that plays a role in the respiratory system (respiration) is the process of oxygen (O2) from the free air when you inhale, over the airways (bronchi) and reached the walls of the alveoli (air bags) O2 will transfer into a vein in which other beside flowing red blood cells to be taken to the cells in a variety of cells other organs as energy metabolism in the process. In the next stage after the metabolism of the remnants of the metabolism, especially carbon dioxide (CO2) will bring the blood to be discarded back into the atmosphere through the lungs when you breathe out. Because the function can be understood that the most open lung with the inhaled air pollutants including cigarette smoke which is inhaled with the full intent is. Various disorders can disrupt the respiratory system, among others, levels of air pollution, so little O2, airway disorders in / lung, heart or blood disorders.

In particular, the lungs are said to take the place of the body clean of blood (O2 rich) and the wash the blood from the body (many contain CO2) prior to the heart to re-circulated to the entire body

In general, disruption of the airway can be is an airway obstruction (obstruction) or a lung disorder that causes can not be perfect flower (restrictive). A large tumor in the lungs can cause some lung and / airway collapse, whereas tumors located in the airways may cause obstruction of the airway. That suppress tumor of the chest wall can cause damage / destruction of bone and cause chest wall pain. Fluid in the pleural cavity often ditmukan on lung cancer lung function was also disturbing.

Complaints that often arise in the lung disease called respiratory complaints can occur only one and sometimes more than one, among others

     *
       Shortness of breath with or squeaky sound (wheezing)
     *
       Sense of weight in the chest when breathing
     *
       Coughing
     *
       Coughing blood
     *
       Chest pain

Lung cancer, "the medical update"

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Lung cancer, "the medical update"  
Lung Cancer
In normal cells will grow in accordance with the needs of the body through the stages in the process stages. Mechanism is important for cell replacement of damaged cells and need rejuvenation .. Growth of cells that run in several stages and is controlled by a gene (carrying information) that some act as a trigger, an inhibitor of growth and other processes pengkontrol genes in the cell to run well. Disruption in the gene or the growth process that can cause uncontrolled cell growth. In some cases not all the disorder is growing fast but can be stopped before it turned into fierce that we know with benign tumors. If interference is more severe and the disturbance continued growth and spread elsewhere (metastases) we refer to malignant tumors or cancer.

Conclusion: Cancer is a disease associated with the process of growth and development of uncontrolled cell.

Cancer can happen to anyone, any age and anywhere in the human body. The size of a person likely to suffer from certain types of cancer depending on the risk factors they have. Cancer of the most widely known in adults is breast cancer, nasopharynx cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, blood cancer and lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a type of cancer is the most difficult to treat, many suffered by adult males (age> 40 years) and smokers.